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Learn Radio Coverage

Plain-English guides to how radio signals travel, from the ground wave and the ionosphere to line of sight, terrain and diffraction.

Radio Horizon and Antenna HeightThe radio horizon explained: how antenna height sets the line-of-sight range for VHF, UHF and microwave links, with the formula, examples and the role of refraction.Line of Sight versus DiffractionWhy a clear line of sight is not enough for a good radio link: the Fresnel zone, the 60% clearance rule and how knife-edge diffraction adds loss behind a hill.How Terrain Affects Radio CoverageWhy radio coverage is never a circle: how hills, valleys and mountains create shadow zones, why elevation profiles matter and how to improve a weak spot.HF Skywave versus VHF Line of SightGround wave, sky wave and line of sight compared: how HF signals use the ionosphere to reach the world and why VHF, UHF and microwaves stay near the horizon.Radio Frequency Bands from 0 to 3000 MHzA guide to radio frequency bands from LF to SHF: wavelengths, typical propagation and uses, from AM broadcast and HF amateur bands to FM, PMR446, LoRa and Wi-Fi.2 Meter Band Coverage and RangeHow far does 2 m VHF reach? Radio horizon, antenna height, handheld versus mast, repeaters and hills, with worked numbers for the 2 m amateur band.70 cm Band Coverage and RangeUHF 70 cm coverage explained: line of sight, higher loss behind hills, building penetration, handheld range and why UHF works well in cities.PMR446 Walkie-Talkie RangeHow far do PMR446 radios really work? Power limits, built-in antennas, line of sight, buildings and forests, and how to estimate range before buying.LoRa Range at 868 and 915 MHzHow far does LoRa go? Spreading factor, sensitivity, link budget, antenna height and terrain for 868 MHz and 915 MHz LoRaWAN and Meshtastic links.Wi-Fi 2.4 GHz Link RangeHow to plan a long Wi-Fi or microwave link at 2.4 GHz: path loss, Fresnel clearance, antenna gain, height and legal power limits.Radio Link Budget ExplainedA simple walk-through of a radio link budget: transmit power, antenna gain, cable loss, free-space path loss, receiver sensitivity and fade margin, with a worked example.Antenna Gain: dBi, dBd, ERP and EIRPUnderstand dBi, dBd, ERP and EIRP, how antenna gain changes coverage, and why height matters more than a few extra decibels.Repeater Coverage PlanningHow to plan a VHF or UHF repeater: site selection, antenna height, the uplink problem, cable loss, duplexer and how to check coverage on a map.HF Bands: Which Band to Use and WhenA practical guide to the HF amateur bands from 160 m to 10 m: which work by day, which by night, and how the sun, the season and the path change the choice.Medium Wave: Ground Wave and Night ReceptionHow AM medium wave and longwave signals travel: ground wave over soil and sea, why night brings distant stations, and how conductivity changes coverage.How to Read the Coverage MapA user guide to the MFH radio coverage map: colours, reliability percentage, signal in dBm and S-units, terrain profile, hover readout and the limits of the model.

Where to start

New to coverage prediction? Read radio horizon and antenna height, then line of sight versus diffraction. When you are ready, put your own station on the coverage map.

Explore more

How it worksThe model behind the map: ionosphere, terrain, diffraction and noise. ToolsRadio horizon, free-space path loss and Fresnel zone calculators. FAQAnswers to the most common coverage questions. AboutData sources, methodology and limits.

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Coverage values are estimates computed by MFH and are indicative only. Elevation data: SRTM, NASA/USGS (public domain). Methodology · About and limits · Live HF propagation data

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